Palavras-chave
New Testament
Seventh-day Adventists
Como Citar
Resumo
.Building from the assumption of the Sabbath’s obsolescence much has been argued for the prominence of Sunday gatherings already in the New Testament corpus, or even that Jesus, though a Sabbath keeper, paved the way for the substitution of the seventh day Sabbath, which is by no means self-evident and therefore deserves further investigation. Ad interim, irrespective of the proper biblical interpretation of the continuity of the seventh day Sabbath, only voluntary blindness would deny the clear presence of the Sunday as a day to gather and worship within the Apostolic Fathers’ literature only a few decades after the last documents of the New Testament were written, at the pace that rejecting that which is Jewish was on vogue. Undoubtedly, the post apostolic treatment of the Sabbath is unprecedented given the Jewish origins of most New Testament writers, at the pace that the resurrection of Jesus became the main reason to account for the novelty of either worshiping on or keeping the Sunday. But how? What was the theological route that brought about such a phenomenon, i.e., that the Old Testament Sabbath became void on the basis of the resurrection of Jesus. Whereas Bacchiocchi, and many in his footsteps, find in the confluence of paganism, anti-Jewish sentiment and the prominence of the church in Rome as reasons that account for the suppression of the Sabbath in favour of the Sunday or Lord’s Day, there remains a need to explore the process through which such a belief came to be in the first place, hence the question: how did the resurrection of Jesus become the hermeneutical framework for the rejection of the Sabbath? It is on the elucidation of this question that the goal for this article is to be found.
Referências
ANDERSEN, F. I. Enoch, Second Book of. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. (Ed.). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1992.
ANDERSON, A.; WIDDER, W. Textual Criticism of the Bible. Vol. 1. Revised Edition. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2018. (Lexham Methods Series).
BACCHIOCCHI, S. From Sabbath to Sunday. A Historical Investigation of the Rise of Sunday Observance in Early Christianity. Rome: The Pontifical Gregorian University Press Rome, 1977.
BAUCKHAM, R. J. The Lord’s Day. In: CARSON, D. A. (Ed.). From Sabbath to Lord’s Day: A Biblical, Historical, and Theological Investigation. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1999.
BRATTSTON, D. W. T. Sabbath and Sunday among the Earliest Christians. Second Edition: When Was the Day of Public Worship? Eugene, OR: Resource Publications, 2017.
BRUCE, F. F. Commentary on the Book of Acts: The English Text, with Introduction, Exposition, and Notes. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1954.
BULLINGER, E. W. The Companion Bible: Being the Authorized Version of 1611 with the Structures and Notes, Critical, Explanatory and Suggestive and with 198 Appendixes. Bellingham, WA: Faithlife, 2018. Vol. 2.
CHARLES, R. H. (Ed.). Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1913. Vol. 2.
COLLINS, J. J. Enoch, Books Of. In: Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
COLLINS, J. J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. 2nd. Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eedermans, 1998. (The Biblical Resource Series).
CONDON, K. The Lord's Day. The Furrow, v. 11, n. 6, p. 343-356, June 1960.
CROSS, F. L.; LIVINGSTONE, E. A. (Eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.
EASTON, B. S. Lord’s Day. In: ORR, J. et al. (Eds.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Chicago, IL: The Howard-Severance Company, 1915.
ELWELL, W. A.; BEITZEL, B. J. Lord’s Day, The. In: Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988.
GARRETT JR., J. L. Systematic Theology: Biblical, Historical, and Evangelical. 4th. Edition. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2014. Vol. 1.
GLIMM, F. X. The Letter of Barnabas. In: The Apostolic Fathers. Translated by Francis X. Glimm, Joseph M.-F. Marique, and Gerald G. Walsh. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1947.
GONZÁLEZ, J. L. A Brief History of Sunday: From the New Testament to the New Creation. Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans, 2017.
GRANT, R. M. Justin Martyr (Person). In: FREEDMAN, D. N. (Ed.). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1992.
GULLEY, N. R. Systematic Theology: The Church and The Last Things. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 2016.
HAGNER, D. A. Apostolic Fathers. In: MARTIN, R. P.; DAVIDS, P. H. (Eds.). Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997.
HASEL, G. F. Sabbath. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. (Ed.). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary New York, NY: Doubleday, 1992.
IGNTP. International Greek New Testament Project. Codex Sinaiticus: Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermas. Cambridge, UK: The Codex Sinaiticus Project Board, 2012.
KEOWN, M. J. Discovering the New Testament: An Introduction to its Background, Theology, and Themes: The Gospels & Acts. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2018.
KITTEL, G.; BROMILEY, G. W.; FRIEDRICH, G. (Eds.). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964–).
LICONA, M. R. The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach. Downers Grove, IL: Inter Varsity Press, 2010.
LIGHTFOOT, J. B.; HARMER, J. R. Apostolic Fathers. In: SMITH, W.; WACE, H. (Eds.). A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. London, UK: John Murray, 1877-1887.
LIGHTFOOT, J. B.; HARMER, J. R. The Apostolic Fathers. London, UK: Macmillan and Co., 1891.
LIPSIUS, R. A. Enoch, Apocryphal Book Of. In: SMITH, W.; WACE, H. (Eds.). A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. London, UK: John Murray, 1877-1887.
MCIVER, R. K. When, where, and why did the change from Sabbath to Sunday worship take place in the early church? Andrews University Seminary Studies, v. 53, n. 1, p. 15-35, 2015.
MENZIES, A. (Ed.). The Gospel according to Peter. In: The Gospel of Peter, the Diatessaron of Tatian, the Apocalypse of Peter, the Visio Pauli, the Apocalypses of the Virgil and Sedrach, the Testament of Abraham, the Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, the Narrative of Zosimus, the Apology of Aristides, the Epistles of Clement (Complete Text), Origen’s Commentary on John, Books I-X, and Commentary on Matthew, Books I, II, and X-XIV. Translated by J. Armitage Robinson. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 9. New York, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1897.
MILIK, J. T. The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4. Oxford, UK: Clarendon. 1976.
O’CONNOR, J. B. St. Ignatius of Antioch. In: HERBERMANN, C. G. et al. (Eds.). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. New York, NY: The Encyclopedia Press; The Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1907-1913.
OLBRICHT, T. H. Apostolic Fathers. In: Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
PAGET, J. C. The Epistle of Barnabas. Expository Times, v. 117, n. 11, p. 226-227, Nov 2006.
POPE CLEMENT I et al. The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. The Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 1912-1913.
PORTALIÉ, E. St. Augustine of Hippo. In: HERBERMANN, C. G. et al. (Eds.). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. New York, NY: The Encyclopedia Press; The Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1907-1913.
PORTER, S. E. Chronology, New Testament. In: Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
RAMSAY, W. M. The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170. London, UK: Hodder and Stoughton, 1893.
ROBERTS, A.; DONALDSON, J.; COXE, A. C. De Principiis. In: ROBERTS, A.; DONALDSON, J.; COXE, A. C. (Eds.). Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodianal; Origen, Parts First and Second. Translated by Frederick Crombie. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 4. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885.
ROBERTS, A.; DONALDSON, J.; COXE, A. C. Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire). The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 2. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885.
ROBERTS, A.; DONALDSON, J.; COXE, A. C. The First Apology of Justin. In: The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 1. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885.
RORDORF, W. Sunday: The History of the Day of Rest and Worship in the Earliest Centuries of the Christian Church. London, UK: SCM, 1968).
SCHAFF, P. Letters of St. Augustin. In: SCHAFF, P. (Ed.). The Confessions and Letters of St. Augustin with a Sketch of His Life and Work. Translated by J. G. Cunningham. Vol. 1: A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, First Series. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1886.
SCHOEDEL, W. R. Apostolic Fathers. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. (Ed.). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1992. p. 313.
SHEA, W. H. Selected Studies on Prophetic Interpretation. Vol. 1. Revised Edition. Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1992. (Daniel and Revelation Committee Series).
STEFANOVIC, R. “The Lord’s Day” of Revelation 1:10 in The Current Debate. Andrews University Seminary Studies, v. 49, n. 2, p. 261-284, 2011.
TAULMAN, J. Philo Judaeus. In: BRAND, C. et al. (Eds.). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 2003.
THE HOLY Bible: New Revised Standard Version. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers. 1989). 1 Mac 2:34.
TONSTAD, S. K. The Lost Meaning of the Seventh-day. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews university Press, 2009.
TRAFTON, J. L. Lord’s Day, The. In: Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Electronic Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1996.
VANDERKAM, J. C.; ADLER, W. (Eds.). The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1996. (Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum Ad Novum Testamentum).
WAGNER, J. R. Piety, Jewish. In: Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
WILLIAMS, A. L. Adversus Judaeos: A Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
WRIGHT, N. T. The resurrection of the Son of God. London, UK: SPCK, 2003. (Christian origins and the question of God, 3).
ZAHAVY, T. Judaism: Judaism in the Mishnaic Period. In: FREEDMAN, D. N. (Ed.). The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1992. p. 1083.
