Keywords
Novo Testamento
Interpretação Bíblica
How to Cite
Abstract
Este estudo analisa o uso dos termos gregos γράφω (“escrever”) e γραφή (“Escritura”) no corpus do Novo Testamento, com o objetivo de avaliar em que medida os escritos do Antigo Testamento eram considerados, pelos autores neotestamentários, como Escritura autoritativa e divinamente inspirada. Por meio de uma análise gramatical, literária e teológica, a pesquisa demonstra que γραφή funciona como um termo técnico, utilizado com frequência para introduzir citações e referir-se quase exclusivamente a textos reconhecidos como sagrados e canônicos. Em contraste, γράφω designa o ato de escrever sob inspiração divina, geralmente atribuído a figuras apostólicas ou proféticas. Os resultados indicam que, já no período de formação do Novo Testamento, havia uma clara percepção do Antigo Testamento como autoridade normativa para a comunidade cristã primitiva.
References
ARISTÓTELES. Arte poética. Tradução de Eudoro de Souza. 4. ed. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1973.
ARNDT, William et al. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
AQUINO, Tomás de. Suma Teológica: Antologia. Seleção, tradução e notas de Antonio de Castro Caeiro. São Paulo: Loyola, 2001.
AUGUSTINE. Confissões. Introdução, tradução e notas de J. H. S. de Souza. 4. ed. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997.
BEALE, G. K.; CARSON, D. A. (Eds.). Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007.
BRUCE, F. F. The Canon of Scripture. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1988.
CHILDS, Brevard S. Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979.
DIBELIUS, Martin; CONZELMANN, Hans. The Pastoral Epistles. 2. ed. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972.
EARLE, Ralph. "2 Timothy." In: GAEBELEIN, Frank E. (ed.). The Expositor's Bible Commentary, v. 11. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.
FEE, Gordon D. 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus. São Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984.
_________. Paul, the Spirit, and the People of God. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1996.
GUTHRIE, Donald. The Pastoral Epistles. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957.
HENDRIKSEN, William; KISTEMAKER, Simon J. New Testament Commentary: Exposition of Paul's Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953-2001.
_________. New Testament Commentary: Exposition of the First Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953-2001.
HENGEL, Martin. The Septuagint as Christian Scripture: Its Prehistory and the Problem of its Canon. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2002.
JEWETT, Robert. Romans: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2006.
KAISER, W. "The Current Crisis in Exegesis and the Apostolic Use of Deuteronomy 25:4 in 1 Corinthians 9:8-10." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, Westminster, v. 21, p. 3-18, 1978.
KISTEMAKER, Simon J.; HENDRIKSEN, William. New Testament Commentary: Exposition of the First Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953-2001.
LOCK, Walter. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1924.
LOCKWOOD, Gregory J. 1 Corinthians. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2000.
LUTHER, Martinho. As obras de Martinho Lutero. Tradução de Irineu Siebert. Porto Alegre: Concórdia, v. 5, 1982.
MARTIN, Ralph P. New Testament Foundations: A Guide for Christian Students. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, v. 2, 1975.
MARTYN, J. Louis. Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
MITCHELL, Stephen. "Antioch of Pisidia." In: FREEDMAN, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary, v. 1. New York: Doubleday, p. 264, 1996.
MOYISE, Steve. The Old Testament in the New: An Introduction. London: T&T Clark, 2001.
OSWALT, John N. "Isaiah." In: ELWELL, Walter A. (ed.). Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996.
PAPAIOANNOU, Kim. Israel, Covenant, Law: A Third Perspective on Paul. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2017.
PORTER, Stanley E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. 2. ed. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
QUINN, Jerome; WACKER, William. The First and Second Letters to Timothy: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.
SANDERS, James A. "Canon: Antigo Testamento." In: FREEDMAN, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary, v. 1. New York: Doubleday, p. 39, 1996.
SILVA, Moisés. Interpreting Galatians: Explorations in Exegetical Method. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996.
SPICQ, Ceslas. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Translated and edited by James D. Ernest. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994.
STOTT, John. A Verdade do Evangelho. São Paulo: ABU Editora, 1999.
TANNEHILL, Robert C. The Narrative Unity of Luke–Acts: A Literary Interpretation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986.
TAYLOR, Vincent. The Gospel According to St. Mark: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, and Indexes. London: Macmillan, 1952.
TOYNBEE, Arnold J. A Study of History. Abridgement by D. C. Somervell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, v. 1, 1946.
VANHOYE, Albert. A Structured Translation of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964.
WALLACE, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
WELLHAUSEN, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. New York: Meridian Books, 1957.
WENHAM, Gordon. The Book of Leviticus. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
WIKENHAUSER, Alfred. New Testament Introduction. Freiburg: Herder, 1958.
WRIGHT, N. T. What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
YOUNG, Edward J. My Servants the Prophets. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kim Papaioannou; Jhieslley Machado
